In addition to servo upside down special machine, what occupational hazard factors should be paid attention to in machining? Machinery manufacturing industry is very wide range, including transport tools, machine tools, agricultural machinery, textile machinery, power machinery and precision instruments and other machinery manufacturing, generally casting, forging, heat treatment, machining and assembly workshops, mixed types of work, the basic production process for casting, forging, heat treatment, machining and assembly.

Evaluation and detection of occupational hazard factors in machinery industry

Machine processing is the use of a variety of machine tools for metal parts to hold turning, planing, drilling, grinding, milling and other cold processing; In the process of machine manufacturing, the blank of metal parts is usually made by casting, forging, welding, stamping, etc., and then the spare parts are made by cutting, and the final device is made into a machine. Engaged in the machinery industry for a long time, especially in the machinery manufacturing industry, there will be many occupational hazard factors. Here to explain what occupational hazard factors are needed to pay attention to.

First, forging

Forging is to apply external force to the blank, so that the blank produces part or all plastic deformation, so as to obtain the forging processing method.

1. Harm by physical factors

Noise is the most harmful occupational hazard factor in forging process. The forging hammer (air hammer and pressure hammer) can produce strong noise and vibration, generally pulse noise, and its intensity is more than 100dB(A). In 2005, according to our detection of the noise in the forging workshop of A machinery factory, the result was 83-100, 2dB(A), with an average of 92, 08dB(A). Punches and shears can also produce high-intensity noise, but its strength is generally smaller than the forging hammer. The temperature of the heating furnace is as high as 1200 ° C, and the forging temperature is also between 500-800 ° C. In the production process, the workplace can produce high temperature and strong radiant heat.

2. Dust and poison hazards

Metal dust and coal dust can be produced in the process of charging, baking and forging of forging furnace and forging hammer, especially in the fuel industrial kiln. Burning forge can produce carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and other harmful gases.

Two, casting

It can be divided into two categories: manual and mechanical modeling. Manual molding refers to the process of completing the main operations such as tight sand, mold drawing, dressing and closing the box by hand. The labor intensity is large, the workers are directly exposed to dust, chemical poisons and physical factors, and the occupational hazards are great, and case 1 is occurred in this production environment. Mechanical modeling has high productivity, stable quality, low labor intensity of workers, fewer opportunities for workers to contact dust, chemical poisons and physical factors, and relatively small occupational hazards.

1. Dust hazards:

Modeling, casting sand and cleaning produce a lot of sand dust, of which the nature of dust and the size of the harm is mainly determined by the type of sand, such as the selection of quartz sand modeling, due to the high content of free silica, its greatest harm. In 2005, according to our detection of dust concentration in the workplace of a machinery factory's modeling workshop, the results were 27, 5-62, 3mg/m3, with an average of 39, 5mg/m3.

2. Poisons and physical hazards:

The coal drying, melting and pouring of sand mold and sand core produce high temperature and heat radiation; If coal or gas is used as fuel, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides will be produced; If a high-frequency induction furnace or microwave oven is used for heating, there are high-frequency electromagnetic fields and microwave radiation.

Third, heat treatment

The heat treatment process is mainly to change the properties of the metal (hardness, toughness, elasticity, electrical conductivity, etc.) without changing the shape of the parts, so as to achieve the performance required by the process, thereby improving the quality of the product. Heat treatment includes basic processes such as normalizing, quenching, annealing, tempering and carburizing. Heat treatment can be generally divided into ordinary heat treatment, surface heat treatment (including surface quenching and chemical heat treatment) and special heat treatment.

1. Toxic gases:

Mechanical parts normalizing, annealing, carburizing, quenching and other heat treatment processes to supply a wide range of auxiliary materials, such as acid, alkali, metal salt, nitrate and cyanide salt. These excipients are highly corrosive and toxic substances. For example, when barium chloride is used as the heating medium and the process temperature reaches 1300℃, barium chloride evaporates in large quantities, resulting in barium chloride soot polluting the workshop air. In the process of chlorination, a large amount of ammonia gas is discharged into the workshop air. Cyanide salts (potassium ferrocyanide, etc.) are used in carburizing and chemizing processes; The molten nitrate in the salt bath furnace reacts with the oil of the workpiece to produce nitrogen oxides. In addition, the heat treatment process often uses methanol, ethanol, propane, acetone and gasoline and other organic agents.

2. Physical hazards:

Normalizing and annealing of mechanical parts. Carburizing, quenching and other heat treatment processes are carried out at high temperatures, and various heating furnaces, salt baths and heated work in the workshop are heat sources. These heat sources can create a high temperature and strong thermal radiation working environment. All kinds of motors, fans, industrial pumps and mechanical operation equipment can produce noise and vibration. However, the noise intensity of most heat treatment workshops is not large, and the phenomenon of excessive noise is rare.

Fourth, mechanical processing

Cold processing of metal parts by turning, planing, drilling, grinding and milling with various machine tools; In the process of mechanical manufacturing, the blank of metal parts is usually manufactured by casting, forging, welding, stamping and other methods, and then made into qualified parts by cutting processing, and finally assembled into a machine.

1. General mechanical processing:

The occupational hazards present in the production process are relatively small, mainly the emulsion used in metal cutting and the effects of cutting on workers. The emulsion commonly used is an emulsion composed of mineral oil, naphthalic acid or oleic acid and base (caustic soda). Due to the high-speed transfer of machine tools, the emulsion spattered, easy to pollute the skin, can cause folliculitis or acne and other skin diseases.

In the process of machining, in the process of rough grinding and fine grinding, there are also a lot of metal and mineral dust. Artificial grinding stones are mostly based on emery (aluminum oxide crystal), which contains very little silica content, while natural grinding stones contain a lot of free silica, which may lead to aluminum pneumoconiosis and silicosis. The vast majority of machine tools produce mechanical noise between 65-80dB(A), and the phenomenon of excessive noise is rare.

2. Special machining:

The occupational hazard factors of special machining are related to processing tools. Such as metal dust of EDM, high temperature and ultraviolet radiation of laser processing; Electron beam X-ray and metal dust; There are metal smoke, ultraviolet radiation and high-frequency electromagnetic radiation in ion beam processing, and ionizing radiation hazards if tungsten electrode is used. Electrolytic machining, liquid jet machining and ultrasonic machining are relatively less harmful. In addition, the operation of the equipment generates noise and vibration.

Five, mechanical assembly

The simple mechanical assembly process has few occupational hazard factors, and the hazard is basically the same as the general mechanical processing. However, the occupational hazard factors in the complex assembly production process are mainly related to the special assembly process. If you need to use all kinds of electric welding, there are occupational hazards of electric welding; If adhesives need to be used, there is an occupational hazard problem of adhesives, if the painting process needs to be used, there is an occupational hazard problem of the painting process

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